Element - 3
1. Define health and safety culture?
A health and Safety culture can be defined as the product of individual and group values, beliefs, attitude, perception, behavior and competencies related to health and safety.
2. How Safety culture is influenced?
Safety culture is influenced by:
* Management Commitment
* Communication
* Worker Competence
* Co-operation
Positive and Negative safety culture.
3. What are indicators of Organization's Health and Safety Culture?
* Accident / Incidents
* Absenteeism
* Sickness Rates
* Staff Turnover
* Level of compliance with Rules and Procedures
* Complaints about the working conditions
4. Who is a competent worker?
A competent worker is a person who has sufficient Knowledge, Skills, Education, Experience and other abilities and authorized to carry out their work safely and without risk to health.
5. Why it is important to use variety of method of communication?
To overcome the barriers of each method and for reasons like:
* Varity prevents over-familiarization.
* Helps to reinforce a message
* Overcome Language barriers
* People respond differently to different stimuli
* To motivate, stimulate and gain involvement and feedback
* Different types of information require different methods
* Need to keep evidence
* To ensure communication is clear and understood by all.
6. What are different methods of communication?
A. Verbal communication
B. Written communication
C. Graphic communication
7. What are methods of broadcasting different type of communication?
A. Notice Boards
B. Posters and Videos
C. Tool Box Talk
D. Digital Media
E. Company Intranet
F. Mails and Memos
G. Workers Handbook
8. Define informing and consulting?
Informing: A one way process, Generally decisions are taken by management, Informed to workers, Workers will resists as it is imposed, Autocratic, Creates negative safety culture.
Consulting: Two-way process, Decision is taken after discussion of worker and management, Workers are involved, Democratic, workers will support and co-operate, Creates positive safety culture.
There can be Direct consultation and Indirect consultation.
9. What are the benefits of worker participation?
* Helps improve their understanding of the values and importance of health and safety.
* Develops feeling of ownership of safety measures.
* Improves morale of workforce and helps in developing positive safety culture.
* By seeking views and allowing to contribute to decision making, management would demonstrate commitment towards health and safety.
* Workable solutions will be arrived with consultation and participation.
* Might be a legal requirement.
10. When and why training is required?
* Induction Training: New joining
* Job Change: Job profile changes
* Process Change: Way of doing
* Introduction of new legislation
* Introduction of new technology
11. What are general contents of training to new workers?
* Organization health and safety policy and targets
* Fire and other emergency procedures- assembly points
* Location of welfare facilities
* Safe movement
* Incident reporting procedure
* Workers consultation arrangements
* General safety rules and code of practice
* Personal Protective Equipment - Requirements and use
* Introduction to SSOW and PTW etc.
* Introduction to risk assessment
* Co-operation and co-ordination
* Do's and Don'ts - drug abuse - Disciplinary Procedures.
12. What are the Human Factors which influence behavior?
A. Organizational Factors:
* Safety culture of the organization
* Policy and Procedures
* Commitment and Leadership of management
* Level of supervision
* Communication
* Resources
* Training
* Peer group pressure
* Consultation and worker involvement
* Work patterns
B. Job Factor
* Task
* Workload
* Environment
* Display and controls
* Procedures
C. Individual Factors
* Attitude
- Education and Training
- High Impact Intervention
- Consultation and involvement
- Enforcement
* Motivation
* Competence
* Perception of risk
13. What factors may affect perception of risks?
* Ilness
* Stress
* Fatigue
* Distraction
* Previous experience
* Training, Knowledge, Education
* Drugs and alcohol
14. Define Hazard and Risk?
- Hazard is a source with a potential to cause injury and ill-health.
- Risk is a combination of the likelihood of occurence of a hazardous event and the severity of injury and ill-health that can be caused by hazardous event or exposure.
15. What is Risk Profiling?
Risk Profiling involves gathering information about operations and process, using existing risk assessment, and risk assessment methodology to evaluate risks, and developing suitable means for monitoring and providing assurance.
Risk information generated from interviews needs to be confirmed and ranked, and together with risk assessment should form the basis of overall risk profile.
16. What is the purpose of risk assessment?
* Comply with health and safety legislation
* minimize risks by correct application of risk control measures
* Legal compliance
* To prevent incidents from happening
* To prevent legal enforcement actions
* To prevent direct and indirect cost of accidents.
17. Explain how a risk assessment will be called Suitable and Sufficient?
* State the name and competence of assessor and name of any specialist
* Identify the significant hazard and risk
* Identify all the persons who could be at risk
* Evaluate the effectiveness of current control measures
* Identify other control measures
* Enable employer to identify and prioritize the control measures
* Record significant findings
* Be appropriate to nature of work and be proportionate to the risk
* State the period of time it will remain valid.
18. Define General Approach of Risk Assessment or Define Risk assessment process?
Step-1: Identify Hazards
Step-2: Identify people at risk
Step-3: Evaluate risk
Step-4: Record Significant findings
Step-5: Reason for review
19. Explain Hazard identification methods?
* Carrying our workplace Inspection
* Task analysis
* Sources of information to consult
* Legislation
* Manufacturers Information
* Incident data
20. What are the general principles of risk control?
* Eliminate the Hazard / Risk
* Control the Hazard / Risk at source
* Minimize the Hazard / Risk by design of safe work system
* For residual hazard / risk, provide PPE.
21. What categories of People to be considered when identifying People at Risk in Risk assessment?
* Workers and Operators
* Supervisor and Managerial staff
* Maintenance staff
* Contractors
* Cleaners and Housekeepers
* Visitors / Customers
* Members of Public
22. What are acute and chronic health effects or Difference between acute and chronic health effects?
* Acute:
- High Level of exposure
- Short exposure time
- Quick effect
* Cronic:
- Lower level of exposure
- Long exposure time
- Long term effect
23. Explain Hierarchy of Controls?
A. Elimination
B. Substitution
C. Engineering controls
D. Administrative controls with training
E. PPE
24. What are the situations which can trigger a review of risk assessment?
* Due to significant changes like:
Process, Substance, Equipments, Workplace Environment, Personal, Legal standards
* Due to reasons like:
Accidents, Near Miss, ill-health
* Periodic review once a year
25. What are the factors to be considered in Fire risk assessment?
* Construction and use of building
* Emergency routes and exits
* Fire detection and warning systems
* Fire fighting equipments
* Removal or safe storage of dangerous substances
* Emergency fire evacuation plan
* Needs of vulnerable people
* Providing information to employees and other people on the premise
* Staff fire safety training
26. What are the requirements (factors to be considered) of Ergonomic Assessment of DSE?
* Is chair positioned directly in front of the monitor.
* Are eyes about 18-28 inches from the monitor.
* Able to look at monitor straight head.
* Can read monitor without bending Head or looking forward.
* Correct Brightness, contrast, font size
* Screen free from glare
* Any special glasses used
* Wrists in straight and neutral position
* Elbows at 90 deg
* Shoulders relaxed
* Good lumber support from chair
* Able to use mouse, keyboard without stretching, bending, twisting
* Legs fit comfortably with work surface
* Feet fully supported by floor or foot rest
* Short breaks like stand up, stretch
27. What are the steps involved in risk assessment of Hazardous substances (COSHH)?
* Gathering information about the substance, the work and working practices
* Evaluate risk to health
* Decide on necessary measures to comply with regulations
* Recording the assessment
* Review the assessment
28. What are the factors to be considered while doing risk assessment of Hazardous Substances?
* Hazardous nature of substance
* Potential ill effects
* Physical forms
* Routes of entry
* Quantity
* Concentration
* Number of people exposed
* Assigned exposure limit (WEL)
* Frequency of exposure
* Duration of exposure
* Existing control measures.
29. What are the factors to be considered while doing risk assessment for Expectant and Nursing mothers?
* Manual Handling
* Chemical or biological agents
* Ionizing radiation
* Passive smoking
* Rest room facility
* Temperature variation
* Ergonomic issues related to prolonged standing, sitting etc.
* Issues with use of PPE's
* Working hours
* Stress and violence to staff
30. When MOC will be applicable?
* Construction works
* Change of process
* Change of equipment
* Change of working practices
31. Explain how Impact of change can be minimized?
a. Communication and Co-operation - Proper communication and Co-operation between all people
b. Risk Assessment - Forward looking process
c. Appointment of competent people - with sufficient knowledge and experience
d. Segregation of work areas - physical barriers
e. Amendment of Emergency Procedures - because of extra people, equipments and hazards
f. Welfare Provisions
32. Why workers to be involved when developing SSOW?
* They work directly on machine or manufacturing process.
* Legal requirement
* Best position to help.
* Will create ownership and buy in.
* Implementation will be fast and effective
33. Explain Why procedures should be written down / recorded?
* Can be written carefully and signed by competent person
* Proper document number, date, revision number can be given to facilitate regular review
* Provides a point of reference to worker and Supervisor whenever they have doubt
* Can be in one-page pictorial instruction
* Forms the basis for all future training
* Legal requirement
* Provides reference for investigation of accidents
34. What are the steps in task analysis?
SREDIM
* Select the task
* Record the steps of task
* Evaluate risk associated with each step
* Develop safe working method
* Implement
* Monitor its effectiveness
35. What are the factors to be considered while developing a SSOW?
PEME
* People
* Equipment
* Materials
* Environment: Factors like lighting, space, dust, noise, temperature
36. Explain the process of PTW?
* Issue of Permit - Senior level manager after ensuring type of work, place of work, workers, control measures before and during work, date and time, duration, parallel permit, copy of risk assessment attached, name and signature.
* Receipt of permit - Workers, read the control measures, start work
* Clearance of permit - sign for completion by workers and removal of controls
* Cancellation - by authorizing manager after visiting the site and ensuring removal of controls
* Extension (optional) - If work can't be completed in stipulated duration
37. What are the requirements of effective PTW system?
* Issuing authority and workers needs to be trained and competent
* Permit to be filled after visiting the site and not from the desk
* Permit should not be amended
* Active and regular supervision
* Issuing authority to visit the site to ensure controls have been removed and plant is returned to original state before cancelling the permit
* Enough time to be accorded to fill the permit.
38. When PTW system is used? Or
What type of work are normally covered in PTW system?
* Hot work
* Work on non-live (isolated) Electrical systems
* Machinery Maintenance
* Confined space
* Work at Height
* Excavation, especially near buried services.
39. What are the precautions for control of hot work?
* Work carried out by competent person
* All flammable substances to be removed
* Equipments which can't be removed should be covered with fire proof blankets
* Fire extinguisher to be kept
* Fire watcher presence
* Area to be swept of any debris before start of work
* Wooden flooring to be damped down with water
* After completing, smoldering embers should be disposed off correctly.
40. What are the requirements of Electrical PTW?
* The person the permit is addressed to, who will be present throughout the work
* The exact equipment which has been made dead and it's location
* Points of isolation
* where conductors are earthed
* Where warning notices are posted
* Nature of work
* Presence of any other source of hazard
* Further precaution to be taken during course of work
41. What are the precautions for PTW of Confined space?
* Test the atmosphere for presence of toxic and flammable gases and oxygen levels
* Check competency of workers
* Clean work area to remove residue
* Isolate mechanical and electrical equipments
* Ensure ventilation
* Use of special tools and PPE'S
* Adequate Lighting to avoid strain
* Ensure obstacle free access and egress
* Emergency rescue and fire fighting arrangements and communication methods.
42. What are the things to be included in Emergency Procedures with reference to HSG268?
* Consider what might happen and how alarm will be raised. Include shift working, weekends and holidays when premise is closed.
* Plan what to do, including how to call emergency services. Clearly mark your premise along with storage place for hazardous materials.
* If more than 25 tons of Hazardous material is stored, notify fire and rescue team to put warning signs.
* Decide where to go to reach a place of safety (assembly point) or to get rescue equipments.
* Provide suitable emergency lighting.
* Sufficient Emergency exits to be provided to enable everyone escape quickly.
* Emergency routes and doors to be kept unobstructed and clearly marked.
* Nominate competent people to take control.
* Decide key people like incident controller, technical person, first aiders, fire and rescue team.
* Plan essential actions like emergency shutdown, isolation to make process safe.
* Training everyone including disable and vulnerable people in emergency procedures.
* Work should not resume after an emergency if a serious danger remains.
43. Why people needs to be trained in emergency procedures?
* To ensure everyone knows what to do when there is emergency.
* To enable them become familiar with protective actions for life safety like evacuation, shelter, shelter in place, lockdown.
* Review protective actions for life safety and conduct evacuation drills.
* To develop their awareness and understanding of specific hazards and risks associated with their jobs and working environment.
* Develop awareness among vulnerable people like visitors about alarm patterns and actions to be taken.
* Quick and effective actions will help ease the situation quickly and reduce the consequences.
44. Why emergency procedures needs to be tested?
Emergency procedures needs to be tested by mock drills to understand:
* Is the emergency procedure working as planned?
* Have people at all levels understood their roles and responsibilities?
* Did emergency staff operate the emergency equipments correctly?
* Did emergency equipments function as desired?
45. What needs to be considered when deciding on First Aid needs in a workplace?
* General risk level of the workplace.
* Accident history of the organization.
* Number of workers in the workplace.
* Work patterns and shift systems.
* Presence of vulnerable people. Organization will large number of lone workers may provide portable first aid kit to each one of them.
* Geographical location of the workplace. Distance from nearest hospital.
* Spread of workplace to determine how far worker need to travel before they receive first aid.
* Specific activities like chemical handling which may require eye wash and body showers.
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